Heat the olive oil in a 26 cm / 10-inch Dutch oven (5.5-quart / 5.2 L) over medium heat. Add the onion, celery, carrots and black pepper, and cook for 8 minutes, stirring now and then, until the onion is soft and translucent.
Stir in the garlic, tomato paste, smoked paprika, cumin, minced chipotle and adobo sauce. Cook for 1 to 2 minutes until the paste darkens to brick red and the pot smells smoky.
Add the rinsed black-eyed peas, vegetable broth and bay leaves. Bring to a boil over high heat, then lower the heat so only a few bubbles break the surface. Partially cover and simmer for 30 minutes, stirring once or twice.
Stir in the fire-roasted tomatoes and their juices. They go in now instead of at the start because acid keeps the pea skins firm. Simmer, partially covered, for 15 minutes more.
Add the collards in handfuls, stirring as they wilt. Simmer for 10 minutes until the collards are tender and the peas are creamy in the center.
Fish out the bay leaves. Stir in the cider vinegar and 1 tsp kosher salt, then mash a ladleful of peas against the side of the pot to thicken the broth. Taste, add more salt if needed, and serve hot.